The theory of evolution is the study of changes in successive generations of living populations. A mathematical framework known as game theory, originally developed to predict the optimum outcome interactions between rational agents, is the mathematical foundation on which evolution can be modelled. Evolutionary game theory is constructed by eliminating fully rational interactions and adding frequency-dependent outcomes.
Complex systems are composed of numerous parts, whose collective behavior cannot be inferred by inspecting the behavior of its individual components. Graphs can model complex systems, with the nodes and edges respectively representing components and interactions among them. Natural, social, biological and economical networks are widely used to research epidemiology, climate change, computer science, sociology, etc.
Neuroscience is a multidisciplinary science that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the nervous system. It encompasses the evolution, development, cellular and molecular biology, physiology, anatomy, and pharmacology of the nervous system, as well as computational, behavioral and cognitive neuroscience.
Machine learning is the ability of a machine to improve its performance based on previous results. Machine learning methods enable computers to learn without being explicitly programmed and have multiple applications, for example, in the improvement of data mining algorithms.
Biophysics is the study of physical phenomena and physical processes in living things, on scales spanning molecules, cells, tissues, and organisms. Biophysicists use the principles and methods of physics to understand biological systems. It is an interdisciplinary science, closely related to quantitative and systems biology.
Synchronization is a natural tendency toward order, as it can unite separate entities. Synchronous observations are performed in every scale from subatomic to cosmic. The changing motion patterns of flying birds, groups of aquatic animals, firefly glows, cardiac pacemaker spontaneous fires that make the heartbeat, neuronal avalanches of the brain, epileptic seizures, and laser beams are examples of synchronous functions.
